Synoptic conditions and frontal dynamics during Cold Air Outbreaks in the Norwegian and Barents Sea

Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) in the Norwegian and Barents Sea are investigated using ERA Interim. The focus is on the synoptic conditions, heat fluxes, potential temperature tendencies and the frontogenesis at the onset of the CAOs. Four regions are investigated using the time series of the mean CAO index inside each region. Composite analysis is the core of this work. CAOs in each region are detected and separated with respect to the mean wind direction at 900 hPa at the time step where the CAOs are on their most intense stage. Composites for the different types of CAOs in the different regions are calculated. The separation shows that most CAOs are associated with northerlies when the mean CAO index is maximum. The composite analysis is supplemented by two case studies, one of a CAO in the Fram Strait, December 22-27, 2015 and another one in the Barents Sea, January 11-20, 2015. The results from the case and composite studies are compared, and they resemble each other. One of the main conclusions from this work is that there is typically a large scale cyclone advecting cold air off the ice edge. In addition, there is often some baroclinic growth at the onset of and during CAOs. It is confirmed that CAOs are associated with sensible and latent heat uxes, and hence diabatic heating, which is already well established from the literature. The different contributions to frontogenesis along the CAO front are investigated through both the case and the composite studies, using the frontogenesis function. It is found that CAOs in the Fram Strait associated with northerlies are associated with stronger circulation than CAOs in the Barents Sea associated with easterlies.Masteroppgave i meteorologi og oseanografiMAMN-GEOFGEOF39

Machine Learning in Chronic Pain Research: A Scoping Review

Given the high prevalence and associated cost of chronic pain, it has a significant impact on individuals and society. Improvements in the treatment and management of chronic pain may increase patients’ quality of life and reduce societal costs. In this paper, we evaluate state-of-the-art machine learning approaches in chronic pain research. A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) Digital Library databases. Relevant studies were identified by screening titles and abstracts for keywords related to chronic pain and machine learning, followed by analysing full texts. Two hundred and eighty-seven publications were identified in the literature search. In total, fifty-three papers on chronic pain research and machine learning were reviewed. The review showed that while many studies have emphasised machine learning-based classification for the diagnosis of chronic pain, far less attention has been paid to the treatment and management of chronic pain. More research is needed on machine learning approaches to the treatment, rehabilitation, and self-management of chronic pain. As with other chronic conditions, patient involvement and self-management are crucial. In order to achieve this, patients with chronic pain need digital tools that can help them make decisions about their own treatment and care

Synoptic conditions and frontal dynamics during Cold Air Outbreaks in the Norwegian and Barents Sea

Cold Air Outbreaks (CAOs) in the Norwegian and Barents Sea are investigated using ERA Interim. The focus is on the synoptic conditions, heat fluxes, potential temperature tendencies and the frontogenesis at the onset of the CAOs. Four regions are investigated using the time series of the mean CAO index inside each region. Composite analysis is the core of this work. CAOs in each region are detected and separated with respect to the mean wind direction at 900 hPa at the time step where the CAOs are on their most intense stage. Composites for the different types of CAOs in the different regions are calculated. The separation shows that most CAOs are associated with northerlies when the mean CAO index is maximum. The composite analysis is supplemented by two case studies, one of a CAO in the Fram Strait, December 22-27, 2015 and another one in the Barents Sea, January 11-20, 2015. The results from the case and composite studies are compared, and they resemble each other. One of the main conclusions from this work is that there is typically a large scale cyclone advecting cold air off the ice edge. In addition, there is often some baroclinic growth at the onset of and during CAOs. It is confirmed that CAOs are associated with sensible and latent heat uxes, and hence diabatic heating, which is already well established from the literature. The different contributions to frontogenesis along the CAO front are investigated through both the case and the composite studies, using the frontogenesis function. It is found that CAOs in the Fram Strait associated with northerlies are associated with stronger circulation than CAOs in the Barents Sea associated with easterlies